Encyclopedia.com. As algae covers the 800 acres of Lake Martin in Breaux Bridge, Champagne’s Cajun Swamp Tour gives both locals and visitors a glimpse into the past of Cajun culture, a history … Those in the east grew maize and cotton, supplemented by sweet potatoes. The basic social and economic unit in traditional times was the patrilineally extended family, whose members often lived near one another. Cajun culture began with the arrival of French Acadians (the French-speaking people of the territory that is now mainly Nova Scotia in Canada) who migrated to and settled in what is now Louisiana mainly between 1765 and 1785. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). There was no overarching political structure governing Cajun life, nor was there any purely Cajun political organization at the local level. Beginning in Canada, the earliest music was often sung a cappela, with only occasional hand claps and foot stomps. Those in the west grew rice and raised cattle, with local variation in terms of which was the more important. It also borrowed words from Spanish, African languages and American Indian languages ( "bayou" from Choctaw, for example). Once settled in Lousiana, in environments very different from Acadia and in contact with other cultures including Black Creoles, American Indians, Germans, Spaniards, and Italians, the Acadian culture began to change, eventually becoming what has come to be called Cajun culture. ThoughtCo uses cookies to provide you with a great user experience. Originally hailing from a French-Canadian community, modern Cajuns often have a mixed background, including French, English, German, Native American and Creole ancestry. 21 Dec. 2020 . Cattle ranching has declined, and sugar cane, rice, cotton, and maize are now the major crops. During the war the Acadians were exiled from the land they'd occupied for over a century, a process known as the Great Disturbance. Retrieved December 21, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/cajun. They navigated the Mississippi River. It is a blend of blues, R&B and indigineous music. The exiled Acadians resettled in many locations including the British North American colonies, France, England, the Caribbean, and for some, a Spanish colony known as Louisiana. The end of World War II and the return of Cajun veterans to their homes was the beginning of a new era in Cajun culture, one characterized by continuing involvement in mainstream life and by the birth of Cajun ethnicity, reflected in pride in one's heritage and efforts to preserve some traditional beliefs and practices. We couldn’t let our Friends, Co-Workers, and Neighbors, go on any longer without trying the family recipes we know and love! As towns have developed and compulsory education laws have been enforced, Cajuns have been employed in service-sector jobs, and many now work in the oil and gas industries that have entered the southern part of the region. After Acadians began arriving in Louisiana, perhaps as early as 1756, the population increased rapidly, from about 6,000 in 1810 to 35,000 in 1815 to 270,000 in 1880. Rushton, William Faulkner (1979). Arts. . They tended to marry non-Cajuns, lived among Anglos and Creoles, and looked down upon the poor, rural Cajuns. festival time in Cajun Country. In Louisiana, Acadian and Cajun are often used as broad cultural terms without reference to actual descent from the deported Acadians. Most festivals feature live music of all sorts, contests, native crafts and food and, of course, dancing. Traditionally, children were raised by the extended family. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. LOCATION: Belgium Authentic Cajun Food Truck. Wider ties were also maintained with the local community, which often involved homesteads located some miles from one another. On the one hand, their Roman Catholic beliefs set the Cajuns apart from the surrounding population, which was mainly Baptist and Methodist. ." Zydeco developed from the Creoles, a people of French (those not descended from Acadian refugees), Spanish, and Indigenous multiracial descent. A main ingredient in Louisiana Cajunseafood cooking is crawfish. The intinerant traders (marchand-charette ) who once supplied most household supplies are a thing of the past. Cajun cooking is influenced by the cuisine of the French, Acadian, Spanish, German, Anglo-American, Afro-Caribbean, and Native American cultures. Over time the fiddle grew in popularity, to accompany dancers. . Catholicism is the dominant religion practiced by today's Cajun people, but it is heavily influenced by … RELIGION: M…, Finns All usually involved community dinners, dancing, playing, drinking beer, and music making, and all were family affairs with the entire family participating. ." Cajun food is robust, rustic food, found along the bayous of Louisiana, a combination of French and Southern cuisines. The Culture of Acadiana: Tradition and Change in South Louisiana. It was not until after World War I that mainstream Society entered Acadiana and began to influence Cajun life. Cajun culture, even in today’s world, is best affiliated with the geography. The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. Creoles, like Cajuns, have contributed so much to New Orleans art, music and social life; without them, New Orleans wouldn't be the unique city it is today. Encyclopedia.com. About 20 years ago, on the day I turned 40, I was musing over the idea of writing my first book. Subsistence and Commercial Activities. Encyclopedia.com. The prohibition of the teaching of French in Louisiana schools has created a generation gap in some families with grandparents speaking Cajun French, parents speaking some Cajun French, and the grandchildren speaking only English. Cajun pronunciation and slang is used by many characters in the novel, despite the fact that most of them identify with African-American rather than Cajun culture. Both have also changed over the years as new features have been added. It was raised a few feet above the ground and constructed from cypress wood and infilled with clay and moss. The Acadian cottage, a small, nearly square dwelling with a covered front porch and high-pitched roof, was a distintively Cajun house type in the 1800s. Descended from the Acadians, French settlers from Atlantic Canada, today they celebrate a diverse and vibrant culture unlike any other. In the levee-land region, the early Cajun settlers grew maize and rice for consumption and cotton for sale. (December 21, 2020). ." In some homes and communities, Creole French is spoken as well. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. It is worth reiterating that the traditional geographic heart of Cajun culture is not in New Orleans, but rather in rural South Louisiana. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Popular recipes include Maque Choux, a vegetable-based dish with tomatoes, onions, corn, and peppers and Crawfish Etoufee, a thick, often spicy seafood stew. All came as part of the Acadian Diaspora, which resulted from their forced exile by the British from Acadia in 1755. ELIZABETH KNOWLES "Cajun Because of additional migrants who arrived in the early 1800s and a high birth rate, the Acadians increased in numbers rapidly and were soon the most numerous group in many locales where they settled. Traditional Cajun cuisine was also influenced, of course, by the foods grown or available locally. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Settlements included isolated houses, small farms, towns, ranches, and families living on houseboats. The People Called Cajuns. "Cajuns Despite all these traits, historians, and observers have repeatedly remarked upon two of their distinct ethnic qualities in a very positive light, namely: family ties and hospitality. Cajun French differs from standard French in the use of some archaic forms of pronunciation, the inclusion of various loan words from English, American Indian, Spanish, and African languages, and a simplified grammar. ." Retrieved December 21, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/cajuns. Cajuns are a group of people largely residing in southern Louisiana, a region rich with the history of several cultures. "Cajuns Although the nuclear family unit lived in the same dwelling as part of the extended family, the extended family was the basic social and economic unit. Cajun Renaissance. Divorce was rare and difficult to justify. . Today, nuclear families have replaced extended ones, with economic ties now far less important than social ones in kinship groups. . Parents emphasized the teaching of economic and domestic skills and participation in the activities of the kinship network. Therefore, it’s best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/cajuns, "Cajuns Some migrated directly from Acadia, whereas others came after stays in France and the West Indies. The particular instruments vary with the style, though the fiddle and accordion have been basic instruments for some time. In 1754, France went to war with Great Britain in North America over lucrative fishing and fur-trapping efforts, a conflict known as the Seven Years' War. In 1971 the Louisiana legislature designated twenty-two parishes as Acadiana: Acadia, Ascension, Assumption, Avoyelles, Calcasieu, Cameron, Evangeline, Iberia, Iberville, Jefferson Davis, Lafayette, Lafourche, Pointe Coupee, St. Charles, St. James, St. John, St. Landry, St. Martin, St. Mary, Terrebonne, Vermilion, and West Baton Rouge. , lived in New Orleans (1980-1998) Cajuns are recognized as a legal minority due to a 1980 court case, Roach v Dresser Inc., where a Cajun man was discriminated against because of his heritage, his perceived low capabilities, was called derogatory names, and lost his job. ." The name "Cajuns" is evidently an English mispronunciation of "Acadians." Husbands no longer dominate families, as women work outside the home and establish lives for themselves independent of their families. Most Cajuns moved elsewhere; those that stayed lived by subsistence farming in the backwaters until well into the twentieth century. ." See alsoAcadians , Cajun and Black Creole Culture share a number of common elements, some of which are discussed in the entry on Black Creoles of Louisiana. In Canada, the Acadians lived by farming (wheat, oats, rye, vegetables), raising cattle, and fishing, and by selling surplus crops and cattle and buying manufactured products. Acadian settlements in the past varied in size, style, and structure among the four major environmental zones. Division of Labor. The late 1800s introduced the accordion to Acadiana as well, expanding the rhythms and sounds of Cajun music. Lafayette: Center for Louisiana Studies, University of Southwestern Louisiana. The priest was often a major figure in the community, setting the moral tone and serving as a confidant and adviser as necessary. Numerous other festivals are held in Acadiana each year, many of which are harvest festivals focusing on local crops such as sugar cane, rice, crawfish, and shrimp. Mardi Gras was the most important festival, with local communities celebrating in ways often much different than that in New Orleans. Social Organization. Cajuns are French-speaking Acadian refugees, driven from their homes in Acadie (now Nova Scotia) by the British in 1755. Perhaps more important, the church teachings formed the belief system underlying Cajun social organization. Cajun culture began with the arrival of French Acadians (the French-speaking people of the territory that is now mainly Nova Scotia in Canada) who migrated to and settled in what is now Louisiana mainly between 1765 and 1785. Cajun, descendant of Roman Catholic French Canadians whom the British, in the 18th century, drove from the captured French colony of Acadia (now Nova Scotia and adjacent areas) and who settled in the fertile bayou lands of southern Louisiana. Authentic Cajun … Yup! Identification. Inspired by rural French cooking, Cajun cuisine was developed by a population that lived off the land, adapting over centuries of cultural influences and geographical changes. Encyclopedia.com. By the late 1800s, most Cajuns in this region were involved in the commercial fishing industry, and many still are today, though they have modernized their equipment and methods and often live outside the swamps. Travelers in the south have commented on the friendliness with which the Cajun people welcomed guests and strangers into their homes, and also their willingness to share whatever they had, even if it was just a little. The area is most well-known for its dominant Creole culture from French and Canadian settlers. Encyclopedia.com. TOM McARTHUR "CAJUN Contact also meant that the use of Cajun French decreased, and in 1921 it was banned from use in public schools. Louisiana had a markedly different environment, with four environmental regions, none exactly the same as Acadia. Within the “Cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Black Creoles of Louisiana. All came as part of the Acadian Diaspora, which resulted from their forced exile by the British from Acadia in 1755. The Cajuns sold the fertile land along the Mississippi River and pushed westward, to modern south-central Louisiana, where they could settle the land for no cost. And the Cajuns are not the only residents of these parishes, which include non-Cajun Whites of various ethnic backgrounds, African-Americans, Black Creoles, and others. Kin worked together, helped build each other's houses, went to the same church, had to approve the marriage of female kin, cared for each other's children, and socialized and celebrated together. Both are unique cultural forms, with a French base combined with elements drawn from American Indian, Spanish, African, British, and German cultures. A Cajun Food Truck in Pennsylvania? Cajuns are a group of people who live in southern Louisiana. Having been the editor of Acadiana Profile, the magazine of the Cajun Country, for quite a number of years, I figured I might have something worthwhile to say about the land and culture of the Cajun … ." Learn about Cajun traditions. The rapid growth of the University of Southwestern Louisiana, McNeese State University, and Nicholls State University is evidence that many Cajuns now attend college as well. All life events such as birth, marriage, and death required church rituals as did many daily events, with the blessing of fields, tools, boats, and so on an integral part of the work cycle. This traditional pattern of marriage and family began to change after World War I and then changed even more rapidly after World War II. Regular contact with the outside economy, which influenced all regions by about 1920, has changed the traditional economy. In the 1900s, Edwin Edwards, "the Cajun Governor" was first elected in 1972. The Roman Catholic church was a major unifying force, as it provided the belief system that supported many Cajun practices as well as differentiated Cajuns from their mostly Protestant neighbors. Later, it incorporated soul, reggae, hop … Zydeco music evolved in Louisiana among the French Creole people. With the exception of those in the levee-land region who lost their land to Anglos, most Cajuns lived in relative isolation in rural communities where they farmed, fished, or raised cattle. Cajuns love to cook with seafood, a nod to their historic ties to Atlantic Canada and the waterways of southern Louisiana. . With increased exposure to other cultures through Internet-based media Cajun culture continues to remain popular and, without a doubt, will continue to thrive. The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. That they were Roman Catholic while others were mainly Protestant further contributed to group segregation. Cajun French is a mix of Acadian French, standard 19th-century French, Creole and English. LANGUAGE: Dutch (called Flemish in its regional spoken version); French; German This was still apparent when the Acadians lived in Canada off of the Atlantic coast. Creoles in New Orleans have played an important part in the culture of the city. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. The first known inhabitants known to have populated the Lafayette, LA area were the Attakapas Indians in the 1700s. Katy Rudolphy is a cartographic technician for the U.S. Department of Agriculture. People from these different cultures interacted with each other over the years and formed the modern-day Cajun culture. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved December 21, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/cajun. People from other cultures including the Spanish, Canary Islanders, Indigenous peoples, descendants of enslaved people from Africa, and French Creoles from the Caribbean settled in Louisiana as well during this same time period. Most Cajun families are now integrated into the mainstream economy and purchase goods and services. Aspects of the traditional technology that are of interest today are the Cajun cottage, the various tools and techniques used in collecting crawfish, crabs, and moss, and the pirogue (a narrow canoe made from a dugout log or planks). Their ancestors lived in a French colony that is now the Canadian province of Nova Scotia and nearby lands. American settlers poured into the Territory soon after, eager to make money. The Cajuns who settled on the Louisiana prairies developed two economic adaptations. Encyclopedia.com. LANGUAGE: Dialects of Miskito; English; Spanish . By using ThoughtCo, you accept our, The Untold History of Native American Enslavement, House Styles in New Orleans and the Mississippi Valley, Essential Facts About the South Carolina Colony, How Black Seminoles Found Freedom From Enslavement in Florida, Dawes Act of 1887: The Breakup of Indigenous Tribal Lands. She holds a B.A. France acquired Louisiana from Spain in 1800, only to sell the area to the United States of America three years later in the Louisiana Purchase. Acadian refugees to Louisiana included rhythms and singing styles from Africa and Indigenous peoples in their music. (December 21, 2020). Cajun culture refers to the mix of tradition and religion that has evolved in Southern Louisiana over centuries of cross-fertilization of colonists from around the world. Ceremonies. These social units were maintained through daily participation of members and through regularly scheduled get-togethers such as the boucherie and the fais do-do and the cockfights that brought the men together. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/cajun, ELIZABETH KNOWLES "Cajun in Geography with a concentration in GIS from the University of Iowa. Today, their identity is less clear. ." Social cohesiveness in Cajun Communities as well as a general sense of being Cajun was maintained through various informal mechanisms that brought Cajuns together both physically and symbolically. Towns and villages throughout Acadiana celebrate every season with their special blend of music, food and the colorful Cajun heritage. Organizations such as the Council for the Development of French in Louisiana devoted their efforts to provide means for Louisianans of all cultures to learn French. Men were the major decision makers in their homes, but if a man died, his wife, not his sons, assumed control. The creole culture developed its own variations of French, Spanish, Native American, and English languages. As with their music, Cajun food reflects the combining of elements from a number of cultural traditions on a rural French base. Today many Cajun and Zydeco bands play together, blending their sounds. Some migrated directly from Acadia, whereas others came after stays in France and the West Indies. As this ethnic pride and empowerment movement swept through southern Louisiana, Cajuns were inspired to preserve their language, history, culture, and folkways. Religious Beliefs. Today, as in the past, Creole transcends racial boundaries. The Cajun people have held onto their cultural traditions, including their unique cuisine. From this combination of Influences, we find, for example, the heavy use of cayenne pepper for a piquant taste, an oil and flour roux, gumbo, dirty rice, jambalaya, boudin (stuffed hog intestine casings), and crawfish as distinctive elements of Cajun food. These new environments led to the development of new subsistence and commercial pursuits in Louisiana as well as variation in activities from one region to another. The area settled by the Acadians and other cultures became known as the Territory of Orleans. Conflicts were preferably handled by the local group, through mediators, or through fighting between men when matters of honor were involved. Despite their early settlement in Louisiana, Cajuns own relatively little land. There were also numerous festivals and feast days of religious significance. It usually applies to those who are descended from Acadians who migrated in the late 1770s and early 1800s from Canada to what is now Louisiana, and/or live or associate with a Cajun life-style characterized by rural living, family-centered communities, the Cajun French language, and Roman Catholicism. Dorman, James H. (1983). Retrieved December 21, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/cajun. France was forced to give up their rights to their colonies in North America as a term of that treaty. . The Cajuns: From Acadia to Louisiana. Today, Cajun music comes in a variety of styles, the two most prominent being the country-western style and zydeco, which reflects the influence of Black rhythm and blues. Public school education played a major role in weakening the traditional culture, as it resulted in many children never learning or even forgetting Cajun French and provided skills and knowledge useful in mainstream society, thus giving younger Cajuns the opportunity for upward socioeconomic mobility. Today, Cajun children attend both public and parochial schools and tens of thousands participate in French-language programs in elementary schools. "Cajuns 21 Dec. 2020 . https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/cajun, "Cajun This area is known as Acadiana due to the influence from Cajun culture. People were involved with this kinship network throughout their lives. Gumbo, a main Cajun dish, is a prime metaphor for creolization because it … Cajuns generally viewed themselves as superior to the poor rural Whites referred to as Rednecks. Two governors and other state officials came from the Genteel Acadian ranks in the 1880s. 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